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Chapter 21: Nutrition and Digestion

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This activity contains 51 questions.

Which food items are typically part of a herbivorous diet?

	eggs, insects, fruit
	nuts, leaves, berries
	insects, worms, beetles
	mice, snakes, birds
	decomposed dung, rotted vegetation, soil bacteria

In which of the following ways are a wolf, a hummingbird, a termite, and a cow alike?

	All are omnivores.
	All are substrate feeders.
	All are ingestive feeders.
	All are carnivores.
	All are herbivores.

A bulk feeder would likely _____.

	sieve vast quantities of plankton from the surrounding water
	have claws and jaws, tentacles, pincers, fangs, or teeth
	absorb nutrients through its body surface
	suck fluids from a living host
	eat what it lives in

The first stage of food processing is _____.

	mechanical breakdown
	elimination
	digestion
	absorption
	ingestion

Which part of a chicken's digestive system grinds food with small bits of sand and gravel?

	gastrovascular cavity
	gizzard
	crop
	pharynx
	stomach

In vertebrates, food is moved along the length of the digestive system by _____.

	active transport across cell membranes
	peristalsis
	diffusion and osmosis
	sequential contraction of bands of skeletal muscles
	a series of sphincters

Where would you find salivary amylase?

	pancreas
	mouth
	small intestine
	stomach
	liver

The organ that allows you to taste your food is the _____.

	tongue
	stomach
	esophagus
	salivary glands
	bolus

What is an important component of a bolus?

	gastrin
	glycoprotein
	acid chyme
	sphincter valves
	food before it is chewed

A mutation in the gene for salivary (and pancreatic) amylase will greatly affect the chemical digestion of _____.

	carbohydrates
	proteins
	fats
	nucleic acids
	glycolipids

The pharynx leads to two major structures, the _____.

	trachea and esophagus
	mouth and stomach
	esophagus and small intestine
	nasal cavity and colon
	esophagus and stomach

The purpose of the Heimlich maneuver is to _____.

	contract the esophageal sphincter
	encourage swallowing
	dislodge any foreign object in the throat and allow air to flow again
	encourage digestion of food
	eliminate the need for drinking water

Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that attacks proteins to break them down into smaller peptide molecules. Which of the following statements is true about this enzyme?

	The activity of pepsin will speed up in the small intestine because the pH becomes less acidic.
	Pepsin will continue to work at the same rate as it moves through the intestines until all the protein is broken down.
	Pepsin will cease to function in the small intestine as the pH is neutralized by basic secretions from the pancreas.
	Pepsin will cease to function in the small intestine because it gets diluted by other enzymes produced by the pancreas.
	The activity of pepsin will speed up in the small intestine because the pH becomes less acidic, and pepsin will continue to work at the same rate as it moves through the intestines until all the protein is broken down.

How is the stomach lining protected from the caustic acid pH of its contents?

	It releases a hormone called gastrin, which stops gastric juice secretion.
	Mucous cells secrete a protective lubricant into the stomach.
	The stomach lining is not protected from acid and frequently develops ulcers as a result.
	Parietal cells secrete a protective buffer to neutralize hydrochloric acid.
	The acid is quickly neutralized when it combines with pepsinogen to make pepsin.

Acid chyme _____.

	contains digested fat
	is a mush made from boluses and hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas and duodenum
	contains food and gastric juice and moves through the pyloric sphincter
	causes gastric ulcers
	passes into the large intestine, where water is removed

Which of the following is a true statement regarding protein digestion?

	Protein digestion begins in the mouth.
	Protein digestion involves amylase, which is produced by chief cells in the stomach.
	Protein digestion is dependent on neutralization of HCl.
	Protein digestion is initiated when pepsin splits polypeptide chains into smaller polypeptides.
	Protein digestion requires aminopeptidase to initiate protein digestion.

Which of the following is properly matched with its product?

	peristalsis: heartburn
	mucous cells: pepsinogen
	parietal cells: gastrin
	chief cells: vomiting
	acid chyme backflow: heartburn

An open sore that appears in the stomach due to bacterial infection and to gastric juice digesting the stomach lining is called _____.

	heartburn
	acid chyme
	a gastric ulcer
	a gastric secretion nodule
	GERD

The most effective anti-ulcer medication might be a chemical that _____.

	stimulates parietal cells
	kills bacteria in the stomach
	inhibits epithelial cells in the stomach that produce mucus
	stimulates the secretion of bile
	stimulates chief cells

Which of these secretes either a digestive enzyme or a precursor to a digestive enzyme?

	tongue
	esophagus
	epiglottis
	pancreas
	Heimlich

In humans, most nutrient molecules are absorbed by the _____.

	stomach
	liver
	small intestine
	large intestine
	pancreas

The largest variety of digestive enzymes function in the _____.

	large intestine
	oral cavity
	stomach
	gallbladder
	small intestine

Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting large amounts of fat because _____.

	the gallbladder makes bile, which makes it easier to digest fats
	without the bile produced by the gallbladder, fats cannot be enzymatically hydrolyzed
	the gallbladder produces the hormone gastrin
	the gallbladder stores large quantities of bile, releasing it when fats reach the small intestine
	fats first enter the gallbladder before moving to the liver

The lungs consist of many small air sacs and blood vessels, which greatly increase surface area and improve the transfer of substances through their walls. The structures in the digestive system similar in function to these air sacs and capillaries are the _____.

	villi
	colon and rectum
	gastric glands
	high-density lipoproteins
	sphincters

Imagine that you have eaten a meal containing the following nutrients. Which would be absorbed without enzyme digestion?

	protein
	polysaccharide
	disaccharide
	nucleic acid
	amino acid

How does the enzyme lipase work in digestion?

	It combines with HCl in the stomach to digest starch.
	It finishes the work of pancreatic amylase by hydrolyzing disaccharides.
	It assists the enzyme team that hydrolyzes polypeptides.
	Lipases hydrolyze DNA and RNA into nucleotides.
	It works with bile salts to hydrolyze fat to fatty acids and glycerol.

Which of these digestive enzymes removes one amino acid at a time from the ends of polypeptide chains?

	carboxypeptidase
	amylase
	nuclease
	trypsin
	chymotrypsin

Which of the following is the actual absorptive surface within the lumen of the small intestine?

	circular folds
	blood capillaries
	liver
	fingerlike villi
	microvilli

The natural antacid produced to protect the intestines against stomach acid is produced in the _____.

	stomach
	liver
	esophagus
	pancreas
	mouth

The liver and pancreas add their secretions to the partially digested food produced in the stomach, at the _____.

	stomach
	small intestine
	appendix
	large intestine
	mouth

Identify the correct statement about nutrition and digestion.

	Feeding and digestion are synonyms.
	Chemical digestion precedes physical digestion in wolves.
	Absorption involves nutrients passing through intestinal walls.
	Elimination rids the body of overly large nutrient molecules.
	Monomers are hydrolyzed into macromolecules during digestion.

Capillaries from the small and large intestine converge into the _____.

	gallbladder
	duodenum
	hepatic portal vein
	colon
	appendix

Which of the following statements about the human digestive system is true?

	Pancreatic secretions are stored in the gallbladder.
	The pancreas, liver, and pyloric sphincter secrete digestive juices.
	Water is removed from undigested food after it leaves the small intestine.
	Peristalsis keeps digesting food in the small intestine for up to six hours.
	Food passes from the esophagus through the pharynx into the stomach.

What relation do indigestible plant fibers, prokaryotes, and vitamins have with the digestive system?

	These are washed out of the body in the 7 liters of water that daily pass into the digestive system.
	In the presence of certain vitamins, prokaryotes are able to digest plant fibers.
	The prokaryotes cause rapid peristalsis, resulting in constipation, which retains plant fibers and vitamins in the lower intestine.
	These are the contents of the large intestine.
	These move through the terminal portion of the colon together and are voided as feces.

When the colon contracts strongly, _____.

	food moves down the duodenum
	chyme moves about in the stomach
	peristalsis moves the bolus from the mouth through the larynx
	peristalsis moves the bolus from the mouth through the pharynx
	the urge to defecate is created

Which of the following organs of the digestive system is not involved in producing secretions that aid in digestion?

	large intestine
	small intestine
	stomach
	pancreas
	liver

Prokaryotes living in our large intestines provide us with _____.

	carbohydrates
	vitamins
	minerals
	calories
	amino acids

How would you expect the digestive system of a hawk (a carnivore) to compare with that of a sparrow (a seed eater)?

	The hawk would have a larger gastrovascular cavity.
	The sparrow's digestive system would be longer.
	The hawk would have a gizzard, but the sparrow would not.
	The hawk's digestive system would be longer.
	The hawk would lack a rumen.

Which of the following are considered essential nutrients?

	certain carbohydrates, certain fatty acids, certain amino acids, and cholesterol
	certain carbohydrates, certain fatty acids, and certain amino acids
	certain fatty acids, certain amino acids, and cholesterol
	certain fatty acids and certain amino acids
	certain amino acids

Resting energy use is measured as _____.

	basal monetary return
	basal metabolic rate
	basal melanin production rate
	metered bile production
	basal metallurgical rate

Consider Table 21.15. Assume that you have just consumed a 12-ounce soft drink that contained 230 kilocalories. You begin to feel guilty about the excess calories and decide to go for a brisk walk to "burn" them off. You can walk a mile in 20 minutes. How long will it take you to complete your task?

	37 minutes
	45.7 minutes
	52.4 minutes
	56.4 minutes
	1 hour and 6 minutes

What is the easiest way to meet all of your essential amino acid needs?

	Eat beans.
	Eat apples.
	Eat tomatoes.
	Eat corn.
	Eat an egg.

One way a vegetarian can obtain all eight essential amino acids is to _____.

	eat eggs, milk, and cheese instead of meat
	eat a combination of beans and corn
	eat potatoes
	eat rice
	take multivitamins

It is important to get some vitamin B₁ every day, but it is all right if the intake of vitamin A varies a bit. Why?

	Vitamin B₁ is an essential nutrient, and vitamin A is not.
	Vitamin A can be stored by the body, but vitamin B₁ cannot.
	The body needs much larger amounts of vitamin B₁ than vitamin A.
	The body requires vitamin B₁, but vitamin A is just an "extra."
	Vitamin A is water-soluble, and vitamin B₁ is fat-soluble.

The fat-soluble vitamins include _____.

	vitamins A, D, E, and K
	vitamin A and the B group
	the B vitamins and vitamin C
	vitamins C, D, E, and K
	riboflavin and niacin

In general, B vitamins function in your body as _____.

	a source of energy
	structural components of cell membranes
	a source of minerals
	coenzymes
	antioxidants

The main reason we need some minerals and some vitamins is that they _____.

	are required for the Calvin cycle
	are an important source of organic molecules
	play a role in enzyme function
	provide energy for cellular metabolism
	shuttle energy from one reaction to another

_____ are needed in the diet as components of teeth and bone, normal muscle and nerve function, water balance, and parts of certain enzymes.

	Starches
	Fats
	Minerals
	Nucleic acids
	Vitamins

A breakfast cereal advertises that it contains essential vitamins and minerals. In this context, the word essential means that _____.

	it contains the essence of vegetables used to extract the nutrients
	they can be made in the body but it is important to eat food containing these nutrients so that we do not waste essential energy in making them
	the nutrients must be supplied in the diet and cannot be made in the body
	it is important that you believe the package and buy the product
	the government requires a list of our requirements for vitamins and minerals on all packaged food

The percent daily value of a nutrient that appears on a food label is based on a diet containing _____ kilocalories per day.

	1,000
	1,500
	2,000
	2,500
	2,000

Let us say you have an uncle who had a heart attack and survived. He became a burden on your family. You decide you do not want this to happen to you and begin a plan to remain healthy by lowering your LDL levels and raising your HDL levels. Which of these lifestyles would be best suited to helping you achieve your goal?

	Smoke, do not exercise, and do not eat any red meat.
	Eat fish, eat vegetables, and do not exercise.
	Exercise, eat fish, consume liquid vegetable oils, and do not smoke.
	Exercise, eat fish, smoke, and drink alcohol in moderation.
	Smoke, eat an all-red-meat diet, and do not exercise.

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