GDP per Capita is in year 2000 U.S. dollars, measured at purchasing power parity exchange rates. Source: Penn World Tables (PWT), version 6.1 (Heston et al., 2002), series RGDPCH. Original data is in 1996 dollars, and is converted to 2000 dollars using the U.S. implicit price deflator for GDP from U.S. NIPA.
Population. 1960 and 1998: source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Database. 2000 source: PWT 6.1.
Physical Capital. 1960 and 1998, units are thousands of dollars. Source: Bernanke and Gürkaynak (2001). Data for 2000 is calculated based on data in PWT 6.1, by cumulating investment (RGDPCH*KI*POP) from 1961-2000, using a depreciation rate of 6%. 1960 capital is imputed by using total output in 1960 multiplied by two. Converted from 1996 dollars to 2000 dollars using the US implicit price deflator for GDP. Source: author's calculations. Note: Data for 2000 are not fully comparable with data for 1960 and 1998.
National Saving Rate, 2000. Underlying data are from PWT 6.1, and are calculated in local currency at current prices. The specific formula (using the PWT variable names) is s = (ICUR + EXPC - IMPC)/(GCUR + CCUR + ICUR + EXPC - IMPC).
Average Investment Rate. Underlying data are from PWT 6.1. This is the arithmetic average of the variable ki over the period 1960-2000. Data is missing if there were fewer than 36 observations.
Labor Force/Pop, 2000. World Bank, World Development Indicators database.
Physical Capital per Worker, 2000. Calculated based on measures of physical capital, population, and ratio of labor force to population described above.
Labor's share of national income. Source: Bernanke and Gürkaynak (2001), Table 10 and footnote 18.
Total Fertility Rate, 2000. Source: World Bank World Development Indicators Database.
Daily Calories per Capita. Data are for 1997. Source: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, FAOSTAT database.
Average Years of Education, 2000. Source: Barro and Lee (2000).
Human Capital per Worker. This is calculated from data on the educational breakdown of the labor force using the method described in Chapter 6. Source for underlying data is Barro and Lee (2000).
Average Test Scores. Average student performance on standardized math and science tests. Source: Hanushek and Kimko (2000).
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2000. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Database.
Labor Force. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Database.
Openness, 1965-91. Fraction of years in which a country's economy was open. Source: Sachs and Warner (1995).
Corruption, 2000. Source: Kaufmann, Kray, and Zoido-Lobaton (2002).
Political Rights, 2000. Source: Freedom House (2001).
Rule of Law, 2000. Source: Kaufmann, Kray, and Zoido-Lobaton (2002).
Gini Coefficient, 1975. Source: Deininger and Squire (1996), high quality sample. Data are from 1975 or closest available year within the range 1970-1980.
Gini Coefficient, 1991. Source: Deininger and Squire (1996), high quality sample.
Socio-political Instability. Data are averages for the period 1960-1985. Source: Alesina and Perotti (1996).
Ethnic Fractionalization. This is the probability that two randomly selected people in a country will not belong to the same ethnic group. Source: Alesina et al. (2003).
Value of Work. This is the average response to a survey question asking respondents to rate the importance of work versus leisure. 1 indicates "It's leisure that makes life worth living, not work." 5 indicates "Work is what makes life worth living, not leisure." Source: www.worldvaluessurvey.org.
Population Density, 1960. People per square mile. Source: Burkett, Humblet, and Putterman (1999).
Social Capability Index. Source: Temple and Johnson (1998).
Trust. Percentage of the population agreeing with the statement that most people can be trusted. Source: Knack and Keefer (1997).
Natural Capital, 1997. The value of a country's agricultural lands, pasture lands, forests, and subsoil resources. Source: World Bank (1997).
Latitude. Source: Center for International Development, Harvard University and United States Central Intelligence Agency, CIA Factbook.
Malaria Exposure, 1994. Fraction of the population exposed to the risk of malaria. Source: Kiszewski, et al., forthcoming.
Malaria Ecology. An index measuring the suitability of a country's climate to mosquito breeding as well as the prevalence of mosquito species that feed only on humans. Source: Kiszewski, et al., forthcoming.
Agricultural GDP, 2000. Source: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, FAOSTAT database.
Agricultural GDP per Agricultural Worker, 2000. Source: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, FAOSTAT database.
CO2 emission per capita, 1999. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database.
Subjective Well Being. Source: Inglehart and Klingermann (2000), Table 7.1. The measure used is the average of "happiness" and "life satisfaction," from surveys taken during the 1990s.
The source for the following data is: World Bank, World Development Indicators Database
Domestic Savings. GDP less final consumption expenditure (total consumption).
Highest marginal tax rate. Individual rate, in percentage points.
Age dependency ratio. Age dependency ratio is the ratio of people younger than 15 and older than 64 to the working-age population (those ages 15-64).
Secondary School enrollment. The ratio of total enrollment in secondary school to the population of the age group that corresponds to the level of education.
Infant Mortality Rate. The number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Computers. Personal computers per 1,000 people.
Telephone lines. Telephone lines connect a customer's equipment to the public telephone network. Data are presented per 1,000 people for the entire country.
Investment rate. Gross capital formation as a percentage of GDP.
Internet users. Internet users are individuals with access to the worldwide web.
Capital flows. Gross private capital flows are the sum of the absolute values of direct, portfolio, and other investment inflows and outflows recorded in the balance of payments financial account, excluding changes in the assets and liabilities of monetary authorities and general government. The indicator is calculated as a ratio to GDP in U.S. dollars.
Trade Volume. (Exports + Imports)/GDP
Foreign direct investment. These are net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest from foreign investors. Represented as a percentage of GDP.
Energy depletion. The market value of energy extracted. It covers crude oil, natural gas, and coal. It is reported as a percentage of Gross National Income.
Forest depletion. Net forest depletion is calculated as the product of unit resource rents and the excess of roundwood harvest over natural growth. It is reported as a percentage of Gross National Income.
Mineral depletion. Mineral depletion is equal to the market value of minerals extracted. It refers to bauxite, copper, iron, lead, nickel, phosphate, tin, zinc, gold, and silver. It is reported as a percentage of Gross National Income.
Industry/GDP
Agriculture/GDP
Imports/GDP
Tariff/Imports
Land Area
Government Spending/GDP
The source for the following data is: The World Values Survey
Thrift. Percent of population indicating that thrift is the most important value that could be taught to a child.
Obedience. Percent of population indicating that obedience is the most important value that could be taught to a child.
Perseverance. Percent of population indicating that perseverance is the most important value that could be taught to a child.
Faith. Percent of population indicating that faith is the most important value that could be taught to a child.
Technology vs. Tradition. Percent of population agreeing that technology is more important than tradition.
Percent college educated. Percent of adult population (25 yrs +) with college education. Source: Barro and Lee (2000).
Average years of education for females. Ages 25 +. Source: Barro and Lee (2000).
Income share of top 20%. Share of income earned by top 20% of income distribution. Source: Deininger and Squire, high quality sample (1996).
Income share of bottom 20%. Share of income earned by bottom 20% of income distribution. Source: Deininger and Squire, high quality sample (1996).
Productivity Growth. Calculated from 1960 to 1998. See chapter 7 for details of calculation. Source: David Weil, Economic Growth.